A Critical Analysis of the Advantages Essay Example for Free

A Critical Analysis of the Advantages EssayIt is argued that urbanization causes changes in the livings conditions under which people live and work. Some of these changes are positive (advantages) while others are shun (disadvantages). The positive effects include improving housing conditions and provision of raise amenities. The negative effects include stress on amenities, congestion and urbanization of poverty (Kawonga, 1999). Therefore, this essay will briefly explain these using real and valid exercises from Malawi. To write down with, provision of better amenities as an advantage of urbanization.It is said that increasing urbanization provides communities with social and cultural benefits as intumesce as access to tuition and health services (Hammond, 1985). This is evident at Nkhorongo in Mzuzu near Luwinga Township. With the development of the area many services are now being located thither. For example, Mzuzu Academy, avow Academy, Good Samaritan Internet Cafe and some Tobacco grading Companies that provides jobs to the masses. Improving housing conditions is another advantage of urbanization.It is noted that urbanizations brings with it innovations in technology and modern ideas and ambitions in the people engulfed by what are said to be urban areas (UN habitat report, 2010). To meet the demand for shelter by the ever increasing urban population, Habitat for Humanity and Malawi housing Corporation dedicates itself to building low cost but high standard houses for the less privileged urban population. For example, the Habitat for humanity houses in Luwinga Township and the Malawi Housing corporations houses in Katoto and Mchengautuba in Mzuzu.Lastly, the disadvantages of urbanization stress on amenities is one of the disadvantages of urbanization. It is argued that in most areas the authority designs everything to serve the population of that meter but due to increase in population as areas develop leads to people scramble over the few a vailable facilities/services (UN Habitat report, 2010). The example is on power cuts and availability of tap water for few hours per day in the city of Lilongwe.The presence of large consumers of water and electricity at Kanengo consecrate pressure on these two facilities as the providers try to regulate their quantity so as to sustain the production force of the manufacturing industries. This leaves areas around Kanengo with no electricity or water for many hours per day. Congestion of traffic and pedestrians is another disadvantage of urbanization. With the availability of valuable amenities in urban areas, people flock there to have access and benefit from them. This outgrowths in an increase in urban population which leads to congestion (Cohen, 2006).This is usually manifested during rush-hour commuting. There is an intense concentration of people in the center of urban areas during working hours. This strains transportation systems, because a large number of people and traff ic must reach a small area at the same time in the morning and disperse at the same time at noon and in the evening (Rubenstein, 2005). This is more evident at Lilongwe old town, hyper junction near the game stores and Shoprite. There are longer queues of traffic and large number of pedestrians struggling to find their way out.urbanisation of poverty is another disadvantage of urbanization. It is argued that in Malawi, rapid urbanization is not associated with the commensurate of economic growth and effective redistributive measures required to alleviate poverty, but the result is increasing urban poverty whose manifestation is the slums which develop in and around the acclaimed urban areas (Kawonga, 1999). It is further argued that urbanization of poverty in Malawian urban areas is enhanced by the change in locus of poverty from rural to urban spheres.This means that as people run away from the hardships of rural areas to urban areas, they unfold with them their economically chall enged life and continue it in the urban areas. As a result they lead to an increase in the number of the poor living in urban areas (Gonndwe, Fang Ayenagbo, 2011). This is more evident in Lilongwe at a place known as Ngona. It is located in the midst of well developed areas but it is not developed itself and it harbors one of the less previliged population of Lilongwe. In conclusion, this paper has critically pointed out and briefly explained the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization in Malawi.

Cultural relativism Essay Example for Free

Cultural relativism EssayThe issue of everydayism of human rights vs. cultural relativism has been a focal point of heated debate for the last several decades. As globalization is bringing nations together, cultural differences and peculiarities become increasingly more salient. The Universal proclamation of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nation in 1948, lists several categories of rights that the peoples of the world attain agreed to accept and recognize.These rights include the right to life, liberty and security measures of person the right to be free from slavery and servitude the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or arbitrary arrest, detention or exile the right to marriage with the free and full consent of the parties the right to own property the right to freedom of thought, moral sense and religionm and the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work (United Nations, 1948). T hese rights are universally recognized because they protect the dignity of an individual and the basic social institutions which are present in virtually every culture. However, their universality is still contested, as human rights as laid out in the international covenants ignore the traditions, the religions, and the socio-cultural patterns of what employ to be called the Third World (Tharoor, 1998, para.1). For example, in some African societies, group rights have always taken precedence over individual rights, and political decisions have been made through group consensus, not through individual assertions of rights (Tharoor, 1998, para. 4). There are many instances when traditional practices conflict with universal human rights.For example, female venereal mutilation, practiced by some African and Asian people for cultural and communal reasons, translates into irreversible lifelong health risks for females (UNICEF, 2008). The debate whether human rights are universal is per ennial. It is important to recognize, however, that an effective framework for the protection of human rights can be developed only using a bottom-up approach, giving the broad yield of a society where human rights are promoted.References Tharoor, Shashi. (1998). Are Human Rights Universal? World Policy Journal, 16(4). Retieved June 11, 2009, from http//www. worldpolicy. org/journal/tharoor. hypertext markup language UNICEF. (2008). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. Retrieved June 11, 2009, from http//www. unicef. org/protection/index_genitalmutilation. html United Nations. (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved June 11, 2009, from http//www. un. org/en/documents/udhr

Tunisias Medical Tourism Sector

Tunisias Medical Tourism SectorThe map of the world is in point of being redrawn, according to the surgical specialties and the fields of intervention plastic surgery, eyes and dental in Tunisia, treatment of the skin diseases in Turkey, organ transplant, in crabby renal and transplant of the liver in Thailand, surgery of eyelids in the Panama, the in vitro fertilization in Spain The competition begins to rage among destinations which invest in floors, regulations and communication. All postulate a part of a very juicy cake. Professionals of health and touristry, as substantially as all the strategic studies agree with considering the potential of this new-sprung(prenominal) crenation as enormous. Tourism, the transverse character of which in all other activities be it economic, ecological, agricultural, cultural, social etc, cannot make any more the dead end on the principles giving medication its own training and has to show in the next years of innovation and imagination to answer a request which has become increasing. For Africa generally and Tunisia in particular, touristry constitutes a crucial control lever to contribute to impulse the ruinment. In Tunisia the quality of training in health and in touristry as well as its adjacent broadcasting countries can establish a competitive advantage at the level of medical examination tourism.Being a growing receding these last years, medical tourism in Tunisia is widely becoming within the reach of potential applicants. Strong of its entry to the zone of the complete exchange with atomic number 63 at the beginning of this year, Tunisia is positioned as a partner of choice. A wide program is established to make of the country a pole of quality and in store(predicate) in terms of export of health service. However this commitment is conditioned by the integration and the raising awareness of the different stakeholders in such suitable steps.It is of this fact that most of the persons in charge an d the actors operating in the tourist sector have to meet around a real consensus on the concept of medical tourism, and launch the challenge in front of an open to criticism present and a more or less desirable and optimistic future. The various stakeholders of the Tunisian tourist system establish then a relevant space of reflections and exchanges towards the learning of medical tourism, these are main things of concern by the best management, the health, the integration of the population, the promotion, the competitiveness, the quality and the durability and this can raise only decisions and fixed approaches collectively on the basis of the forward-looking reflections generating the best scenarios which can lead to mitigate medical tourism in Tunisia.Even if the concept of medical tourism was not as well important as it is it today, the current situation allowed to key the necessity of better promoting it and of organizing it to reach the objectives as write by the project o f development of the tourist sector and that of the health, and so we are engaged in this research reach which concerns at the same time, the present and the future to explain and understand the realities which allow to support the potential evolutions to reach a sustainable development. This work tries to emphasize a solution of the dilemma to maintain the development and the decision-making support by analyzing the change of the attitudes of the stakeholders implied in the tourist system and that of the health in Tunisia.1. Current status of tourism sector in Tunisia and Methodology1.1. Tourism in Tunisia inventories of fixturesThe tourist sector plays a leading role in the economic development of Tunisia, considering its important part for the growth of the Gross domestic product (In 2009 it contributed to 7 % of the GDP1(Gross Domestic Product) and 20 % of receipts in currencies, in the equilibrium of the balance of payments, in the polarisation of any kinds of the investments , besides the job creation and the energization of the economic activity generally.This sector knows a continuous development and carried out a qualitative jump at every level, thanks to the multiple assets which the Tunisian tourist product has and which make of Tunisia a privileged tourist destination.The geographical setting of Tunisia, which opens on two banks of the Mediterranean Sea, the wealth and the variety of its cultural and natural heritage and its profound acquired experience on tourism, have made of our country a general-purpose tourist destination. The development which the tourist sector has known in Tunisia is reflected through the increasing rise of the number of the tourists who reached approximately 7 million tourists in 2008, (+ 4.4 % with regard to 2007)2.Within the cloth of the IXth plan, the strategic orientations turned around four-spot axesThe diversification and the enrichment of the tourist product and the location on the promising marketsThe improvemen t of the quality of the servicesThe upgrade of the infrastructure and the maintenance of the tourist environmentThe consolidation of the role of the private sector in the tourism.1.2. Medical tourism in TunisiaTunisia made a commitment in the continuous improvement and development of the strategic sectors to be known the education, the health and the tourism. Indeed the health and the services which are connected to it are considered as a promising crenel and an important engine of the economic and social development. For some years Tunisia lives a dynamics of growth in this domain which smoothed it among drawing card countries on an international subdue. So much so, it occupies the second position in the field of the tourism of health after South Africa according to the African scale and the second world destination in thalassotherapy after France.In the light of the study carried out by the French Agency of development (AFD) in 2005 on the exports of health services of developing countries, we notice that Tunisia is very competitive on the subject. The study has henceforth highlighted a strong potential in the field of medical tourism which can have more questionable performances in the future. The recent study of the World Bank on the world integration of Tunisia a new generation of reforms for boosting growth and employment on 2008, confirms this performance by identifying medical tourism as one of the emergent crenellations.In fact not becoming reliable and detailed statistics exist on the subject.The statistics which exist show that in 2007 more than 100000 external patients of diverse nationalities visit Tunisia for health care against 42000 in 2003number of well-kept Tunisians abroad is crossed the 1.152 in 1987 to reach 180 persons in 2006.24 % of the turnover of the private hospitals deprived results from the export of health services with foreign patients. The Libyan clientele is dominant, that is 80 % of the well-kept foreign patients, whereas the atomic number 63an patients constitute 11 % as well in number as in turnover. This European demand can be the object of a remarkable development in the years which come with the ageing of the population in Europe and the mobilization of the tourists with the aim of treatment, care or other similar services. The most mobile of them are the Italians (68 %) and the Germans (63 %).The exploration of the market of medical tourism brings to light four big demands for Tunisia, as suchThe inter-Arabic and the mediterrean market the importance and the regularity of the flows of Arabic patients coming from nearby countries particularly Libya drove numerous clinical Tunisian to fancy up an offer of services specialized for this clientele. The qualitative advantage of Tunisia could be widened in the other local markets, in particular Algeria, which constitutes approximately 3 % in foreign number of patients and in figure of business exported of private hospitals deprived. Also, the other adjacent African markets present a potential which begins to be exploited.Henceforth, some private hospitals of Tunisia signed agreements with Mauritanian institutions. The presence of the African Development Bank also contributes to improve the fame of the private hospitals Tunisians and to attract a new African clientele.A niche to develop the tourists and the European expatriates the market of the care to the European tourists is difficult to estimate. Indeed, the number of patients in private hospitals seems very low compared with the flow of 2,8 million European tourists. Nevertheless, the medical tourism of the European represents a strategic stake for the improvement of the medical and technical level and for the fame and the reputation on the international plan. It also constitutes an important factor for the development of the paramedical tourism and the well-being, such as thalassotherapy, massages, etc.This method implies that the researcher case-studies his data. The wor k of abridgment is made as one goes along, important parts of this analysis matching the data collection (HOURS Becker, 1958 quoted by Aktouf1992, p197). Now, it is not the approach which we followed because we became a researcher on a well-determined subject (the project of development of the medical tourism in Tunisia). Nevertheless, we shall use the techniques of the participating observation namely the daily observation accompanied with notes taking, with collection of archives and with retrieval systems (Fortin1988). The participation entails inevitably relations of nearness, stock-still an intimacy with the actors of a given ground. The observation constitutes in its part a natural activity of every participant. But in its most rigorous pedantic meaning of a word, it is supposed to lean on a remote stake objectivized by these same human relations.3.2. The fighting(a) and semi-directive with no leading questions hearingThis technique could be interesting for the implicatio n of the researcher which it proposes. According to Alex Mucchielli3 the maintenance is opened and centered, it rests not on the reactions of the interviewee to precise questions but on the expression free of its ideas on a given subject () .In this technique, the interviewer does not ask questions but contents with following the progress of the thought of his interlocutor. He presents syntheses regularly, but he is active at most.3.3. The Mactor Method crucial control lever of the strategic prospective.The theory of actors games supplies a set of tools of rather vast analysis but to the applications limited by the mathematical constraints and the often restrictive hypotheses. The method MACTOR (Method of Actors, Tactics Objectives and Recommendations) propose an approach of analysis of the game set of the actors and some simple tools which allow to take into reputation the wealth and the complexity of the information to be treated, by supplying the analyst with the intermediate r esults which enlighten him on certain dimensions of the problem.

Gastric Acid Resistant Capsules Are Enteric Biology Essay

Gastric Acid Resistant ejector seats Are Enteric Biology EssayGenerally, the energetic pharmaceutical ingredients be delivered using two-piece envelops, which argon filled with the medicate, capsulated and taken orally. These enwraps are do with poppycocks like jelly, hypromellose and so forth The capsulises grow the encapsulated drug in the domiciliate by dissolving in gastronomical juices. However, some of the drugs affects the metabolism of gastric juices and are irritants. In these kinds of drugs, post gastric bringing is expected be intact in the stomach. In put in to achieve these several(prenominal) investigation lead to development of superman resistant enfolds called enteric capsules.Enteric condensatesThe capsules which are designed for intestinal deli really by being intact in the stomach are called as enteric capsules and this property is called enteric property. To achieve the intestinal delivery the capsule must be unwavering enough to resist the a cidic environment in the stomach. Apart from the reason that the capsules may effect the gastronomical metabolism, some drugs require past gastronomical delivery to treat some local diseases like ulcerative collitas, irritable bowel syndrome (Crotty and Jewel, 1992) and to absorb polypeptides in the intestine (Davis, 1990). The endogenous enzymes are less in the colon and the transit time is huge which will favor the absorption of polypeptides (Davis, 1992).The capsule wastefulness time washstandnot be determined exactly in the capsules which are acquittanced in the stomach as the residence time is highly irregular and aims on the several factors like the size of the fabricated capsule, fed or fasted state of the stomach etc (Wildey et al., 1992b). If the colon is the desirable and perfect place for absorption of therapeutic polypeptides, which are orally consumed then there is a compulsory for enteric capsules which can behind the colon release and can withstand the acidic ga stronomical juices and state of gastronomical duct (Hardy et al., 1987, Van Den Mooter et al., 1992, Rubin stein et al., 1992, Lloyd et al., 1994).For several decades these enteric properties are delivered to the capsules mainly by finish the hard gelatine capsules using acid resistant chemicals such as anionic polumethacryalates (copolymerasite of methacrylic acid and tither methul methacrylate or ethyly acrylate (Eudragit), cellulose found polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate (Aquateric) or polyvinyl derivatives such as polyvinyl acetate phthalate (Coateric) ( Ewart T. Cole et al., 2001), hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, sodium alginate stearic acid etc. These acidic polymers have very low permeability in their unionized state in low pH environments and when they r from each one high pH environments they ionize and turn uping in increase of the permeability. As a result, the capsule erodes and releases the underlying drug. These kind pH variations can be seen in the stomach and intestine respectively. These enteric destinations showed a great advantage that it is independent of the encapsulated material. This advantage resulted in the decrease in the extent of research to develop a formulation, which is enteric by nature itself irrespective of any enteric finishing applied.Gelatin is the major polymer base for manufacturing capsules for many years. These enteric coatings are applied on the surface of these gelatin capsules. However, receivable to several considerations alternative materials like hypromellose are opted in some specific sheaths. Hypromellose has several advantages when compared to gelatin capsules regarding their response towards thorough coatings, aqueous coatings, storage, anatomical grammatical construction etc.Hypromellose capsules over gelatin capsulesGelatin and Hypromellose are used to fabricate capsules, which can disinfluence in the gastric juices of the stomach and release the encapsulated material. Inord er to incorporate the enteric properties to these gelatin and hypromellose capsules different coating technologies are invented and acid resistant polymers are coated. From several years enteric coated hypromellose capsules are of very high importance in dietary accessory industry. Hypromellose is a vegetarian supplement to the gelatin capsules (Ogura et al., 1998). Hypromellose proved their efficiency when compared to that gelatin capsules when regulatory, manufacturing, religious and dietary issues are considered. Previous studies proved that the hypromellose is more capable in case of polymer adhesion. Gelatin capsules when coated with organic polymers they are very sensitive and em brittlement of the shell material is resulted (Murthy et al., 1986). The gelatin surface is very soft and adhesion of the coating material require some friction on the surface of the of the capsule soundbox which is which is less in case of soft gelatin capsules. So enteric properties of these gelat in capsules are not up to the mark (Thoma and Bechtold, 1992). Secondary techniques like application of pre coat are required to coat these soft gelatin capsules. The interactions between the organic polymer and gelatin surface are controlled by applying a pre coat on the surface of the capsule. However, application of precoat is highly time consuming and costly process. Considering the ecological electric shock of organic coatings, aqueous coatings are preferred (Cunningham and FEgely, 2001 Wheatly et al., 1997).. These aqueous coatings make the gelatin capsules more sensitive because of aqueous solubility of gelatin. Hence the processing time is very long for aqueous coating of the gelatin capsules resulting in high fabrication costs. Hypromellose are advantageous in case of aqueous coatings when compared to gelatin capsules. For hypromellose capsule seal of body and cap is required prior to coating to restrict the leakage of the encapsulated material through the merging part of the body and cap of the capsule. This seal off can be done manually using gelatin solution (Felton et al., 2002). Liquid encapsulation micro spraying technique can also be used for sealing the capsule.Considering the advantages and disadvantages of gelatin and hypromellose capsules, hypromellose can be effective to deliver enteric properties to the capsules. Development of formulations using hypromellose as the base polymer and enhancing with other acid resistant materials can hold better results.Enteric hypromellose capsulesThe technology of enteric coating has undergone through several fundamental improvement in recent years due to their potential advantages and ease. several(prenominal) promising technologies like sugar coating technique, film coating process using organic and aqueous solvents are designed. The process of application of enteric coating has several steps which involve lot of labor and time ultimately effecting the economics of fabrication. Apart from the coatin g process proper help should be taken such that the coating materials is capable enough to adhere and coalesce on the substrate. The coating material must be able to loose moisture instanter so that the core penetration and take apartd coating material can be minimized (Els Mehuys et al.,2004). Aqueous coating cannot be applied to ingredients which are active towards moisture (Mehta, 1996).The coating techniques are effected by several factors such as spraying rate, spraying temperature, pressure, volume and dimensions of the coating equipment (Els Mehuys et al., 2004). Lack of proper attention towards these control variables results in non-uniform coating layer and upscaling. Many other techniques are developed to overcome these disadvantages of the coating process and reduce the process time. Obara et al., 1999 developed a dry coating process. This process involves spraying of dry enteric powder on the capsule followed by curing and drying. Pearnchob and Bodmeir (2003) develope d another dry coating process in which they used ethylcellulose as the enteric coating material. Holroyd (2004) developed another process called Phoqus Process in which an electric field is created to form fond(p) positive and negative charges to the capsule and enteric material, gum olibanum resulting in adhesion due to electrostatic attraction between the compounds. Though several innovations are made in the field of enteric coating all the process require supply of energy in the form heat or electricity is required. withal though several promising innovations are made to overcome the defects of the coating process, still these coating process proved to be disadvantageous in larger scale production. The main impacts of coating process during large-scale production involve brittle capsules, environmental pollution, safety, cost of the process, process time etc. This will induce extra cost in fabrication of capsules when manufactured in a mint scale.A formulation designed whic h has enteric properties inherent can solve the extra cost and time due to enteric coating of the gelatin or hypromellose capsules. The previous studies showed that hypromellose shows some inherent enteric properties. Thus by enhancing these properties by using acid insoluble compounds like sodium alginate in the formulation itself can exhibit enteric properties. So additional coating can be prevented by optimsing these kind of formulations.Enteric formulations using hypromellose as base polymerCertain formulations using hypromellose as base polymer are designed in which the HPMC acts as bulk film forming material. A gelling cistron is added to the formulation like gellan gum such that it performs gelation action and help hypromellose to develop a solid social organisation and hold its structure firmly during moulding of the capsules. An acid insoluble tertiary polysaccharide (sodium alginate) is added to the formulation to induce and enhance the enteric characteristics to the for mulation. Some pharmaceutical excipients such as lubricating genes (polyethylene glycol) , chelating agent (EDTA) and tonicity agent (Sodium Chloride) are added to the formulation.By considering all the above stated materials following formulations are designedFORMULATIONHPMC % W/WGELLAN GUM % W/WSODIUM ALGINATE % W/WNACL %W/WEDTA %W/WPEG %W/W1190.100.10.152180.210.20.153170.220.20.154150.250.20.155150.27.50.20.15Impact of formulation and process variables on the drug releaseFormulation variablesPolymer BaseHypromellose is used as the polymer base material. There are several socio-economic classs of HPMC that are commercially available. Generally different kinds of hypromellose is due to variation in the content of hydroxypropyl and methyl groups present in HPMC. In the present case rapidly hydrating grade hypromellose is used. The viscosity of the hypromellose depends upon the composition of hdroxypropyl group and methyl group. Improperly hydrated results in dose dumping as the g astric fluids can easily penetrate into the capsule (Dow pharmaceutical ecipients, 1986). The viscosity of the polymer effects the mouldability of the formulated polymer base into capsule. Hypromellose also decides the mechanical characteristics of the capsules. Hypromellose layers with high viscosity have a greater capability to withstand the scattering of gastric fluids into the encapsulated material thus help in broad release of the drug (Nellore et al., 1998). Higher viscosity hypromellose will reduce the swelling properties of the capsule thus resolve the capsule separation problem.Hypromellose (C32H60O19)Gelling agentGelling agent like gellan gum is used in this formulation. Gellan gum is of very high importance in pharmaceutical industry in producing oral dosage forms like gels and capsules (Kubo W, Miyazaki S et al., 2003). Gellan gum shows effect on the release of the drug so it is used for controlled or bear on release (Alhaique F et al., 1995). Hypromellose in the pres ence of a secondary polysaccharide like gellan gum have the capability to forma strong structure and retain the structure during mouliding of capsule. The compounds containing aldehyde groups can combine with gelling agent like gellan gum to form cross links making the capsule insoluble (Digenis GA et al., 1994). Gellan gum is categorized base on the proportions of polysaccharide, the percent of o-acetyl substitution of polysaccharide and protein content. Gellan gum with high acyl condition has to selected for this formulation because gellan gum with high acyl content is capable of validation of soft, elastic and non brittle gels. On the other hand gellan gums with low acyl forms brittle and non elastic gels (Kelco Biopolymers, Gellan Gum for Pharmaceutical Applications rev. 10/99, 2004.). Gellan gum induces temperature dependent gelation. This gelation is caused due to series of activities in the order of formation of double helical junction zones and then gellan gum aggregation of these segments resulting in formation of three-dimensional structures by complexation and atomic number 1 bonding.The structure of deacetylated Gellan GumThe variation of amount of gellan gum in the formulation effects the gelating nature of the polymer base. The hypromellose and gellan gum has a biphasic nature. The percentage of gellan gum will result in phase change.Stabilizing agentSodium alginate is used as the stabilizing agent in these formulations. Sodium alginate acts as the tertiary polysaccharide. Sodium alginate imparts its acid insoluble properties to the hypromellose formulation thus making it enteric. Sodium alginate also acts as gelling agent. The amount of sodium alginate effects the gelation and acid solubility properties of the capsule.Sodium alginateAddition of plasticizerAddition of plasticizer to the formulation decreased the water absorbing nature of the capsule. The major obstacle is the capsule separation due to the swelling of the capsule by absorbing w ater. Poly ethylene glycol (PEG) is used as the plasticizer to decrease the water absorbing nature of the capsule. Excess of PEG resulted in formation of brittle capsules and also effects the dissolution properties of the capsule.Addition of lubricating agentLubricating agent is added inorder to facilitate the dipping process. Addition of lubricating agent like PEG helped in easy removal of the capsule from the dipping pin. In absence of lubricating agent the capsules deformed while inverting from the dipping pin resulting in irregular shaped capsules.Addition of swelling agentAddition of swelling agent is done inorder to achieve differential swelling between cap and body of the capsule to prevent capsule separation. Swelling agents are added in such a manner that swelling of body of the capsule is more when compared to that of cap. This will result in tightening of the capsule and can restrict the capsule separation.Process variablesCapsule sizeCapsule size has a major effect on th e release rate. For different capsule sizes with same aspect ratio and constant volume, the release rate decreases with increase in size of the capsule. This is due to the change in the surface area. The diffusion pathways are longer in longer capsules when compared with that of smaller ones. So the drug release with respect to time is much larger in smaller capsules when compared to longer ones (Siepman et al., 1999b)Capsule shapeThe surface area of a capsule depends on the shape of the capsule. The capsule which have high surface area for a constant volume has potential exposure to the acidic environment in the stomach and the drug release rate is high. Capsules with near spherical shape have less surface area compared to other shape (Rekhi et al., 1999) These kinds of capsules are recommended for controlled release characteristics. Variation in the aspect ratio of the capsules can effect the drug release. By varying the aspect ratio of the hypromellose capsule the drug relase can be modified (Siepman et al., 1999b).Moulding temperatureViscosity of the polymer base changes with temperature. At higher(prenominal) temperatures, the viscosity of the polymer base is less, so when the dipping pin is dipped in the polymer base at higher temperatures the burdensomeness of the polymer attached to the pin is less due to the lower viscosity. So by altering the moulding temperature the thickness of the capsule can be controlled.Capsule ThicknessThe generally assumption is that the encapsulated material release is through the capsule wall. So a thicker wall can control the release and slow the drug release. Thicker wall can also withstand drastic acidic condition in the stomach. Apart from the dissolution rate, the capsule thickness also effects the structure of the capsule. Dissolution of the capsule highly depends on the thickness of the capsule. Capsule thickness effects the swelling properties and mechanical properties of the capsules like strength, puncture force etc. The capsule thickness is controlled during the moulding of the capsules by proper attention to viscosity and temperature of the hypromellose polymer base. The dipping can be dipped twice or thrice according to the target thickness if required.Mechanism of drug release in hypromellose and gelatin capsulesThe solubility of gelatin and hypromellose capsules in aqueous media is different due to difference in their permeability characteristics. This has a great effect on disintegration and drug release mechanism in both the materials (Nagata, 2002). The drug delivery is due to absorbance of water and hydration of the capsules by which the capsules dissolve and release the encapsulated contents. Gelatin dissolves in the fluids at body temperature. Further decrease of temperature (Comparative studies of dissolution of hypromellose and gelatin capsules revealed that the dissolution of HPMC is independent of temperature that gelatin dissolution is highly dependent on temperature of sol ution. The release characteristics of HPMC showed that the drug release takes three times the time required for the drug release from gelatin capsules (Chiwele et al., 2000). Hypromellose capsules results in extended release of the drugs. Dissolution is only effected by first breakage of the capsule and start of release of the drug. Once the drug starts to release, the release does not depend on the capsule material. The dissolution studies proved that the HPMC capsules have longer lag time (Honkanen et al., 2001). The first rupture in case of HPMC takes long time but once the rupture takes place, the capsule disperses uniformly through exposing the drug completely to dissolution media. Gelatin capsules splits near the ends and dissolution takes place through the ends of the capsules for a long time (Podczeck and Jones, 2002). The dissolution characteristics of gelatin capsules are almost same for all the capsules as the sources for gelatin is almost same from all the providers. In case of HPMC, each provider has its own formulations patented and specific characteristics are delivered for their gelling systems. The diffusion of gases through HPMC capsules is more when compared to gelatin capsules. The gas diffusion occurs through the gap between body and cap of the capsule, the sealing between cap and body of the capsule is weak in HPMC capsules when compared to that of gelatin capsules.

Role Of The Front Office Manager Tourism Essay

Role Of The Front Office Manager Tourism EssayGiven the signification of the role of the nominal head office manager in front office, there are some of the responsibilities that the front office manager has to take nonice. whatever of the major responsibilities of the front office manager include reviewing the final examination draft of the night audit, a daily review of the financial accounting procedures at the front desk and other guest service areas during the previous 24-hour period and an digest of operating results operating and monitoring the reservation dodging developing and operating an effective communication system with front office staff and other division directors supervising daily registrations and check-out overseeing and developing employees established in-house sales programming at the front desk preparing budgets and cost control systems forecasting populate sales and maintaining business relationships with unvarying corporate and communities leaders. T he front office manager works with an advocateant front office manager, a night auditor, a reservation manager, and a bell captain to tend to the details of running an efficacious department.These are just few of the responsibilities of the front office manager. The front office is a pivotal point in communication among in-house sales, delivery of service to the guest, and financial operations. It requires an individual who can manage the many details of guest needs, employee supervision, interdepartmental communication and transmittal of financial information. This fire position enables the person to develop an overview of the loading property with regard to financial and communication.2.0 ANSWER doubt 1Guest checkout can indeed be a time of confusion, short tempers, and long lines, a test of the patience of the both guest and cashier.Check-in and check-out is the responsibilities of a front desk that are on barter on the particular day. Usually front desk is the first and la st contact with the guests. Front desk shop clerk represents the hotel to the guest throughout all stage of the guests stay. Front desk clerk job involves customer service, answering the telephone, securing defrayment for services rendered, and resolving problem. Front desk clerk must possess a working knowledge of the reservation demonstrate and room determine strategies. Front desk clerk in addition takes selfsame(prenominal)-day reservation and future reservation and often need to able to sell features of the hotel along with the necessary pricing strategy guidelines.2.1 PROBLEMS SOLVESAs a position of front desk clerk, it is responsible for checking guests in and out of their rooms. When a guest arrives with a reservation, front desk clerk pulls the reservation from a computer confirm the name, address, and length of stay and ask for a method of payment. If a credit card is to be used, front desk clerk unconscious process the payment in the computer and own the guest sig n the registration card or folio acknowledging the rates and length of stay. At check-in front desk clerk can also take cash deposits as necessary to cover any phone or other charges that whitethorn be incurred. After check-in, front desk clerk will past the guest the room key and give direction to the room, and offer to summon a bellhop to help with the luggage. Front desk clerk then place the information about the guest and room in the appropriate front desk racks and communicate the information to the appropriate hotel personnel.For guests who are walk-ins, or those who dont hand reservations, front desk clerk find out each guests name, address, and the expected length of stay. If a room is available, front desk clerk quotes the rate and asks about preferences for a fume or nonsmoking room, location, and room size. Front desk clerk should also try to sell up by suggesting that the guest spend a little extra notes to obtain a larger room, one with a better view, or one with mor e amenities. The rest of the check-in process is the same as for guests with reservations.At check-out, front desk clerk take the guests room key, look up the account on the computer, and inform the guest how much is owed. Front desk clerk inquires whether or not everything was satisfactory.At the start of each day, front desk clerk print a report of special requests of incoming guest. Requests are recorded in the computer aim at the desk and entered into a logbook, and they become part of a guests history in the computer system. The history is used each time the guest returns for a call back back in order to personalize the guests incur. Another report lists any groups that will be arriving. Using it, front desk clerk can prepare materials packets, which includes a room key, for each guest to speed up check-in.Between check-ins and check-outs, the front desk clerk handles the mail and messages and the placement items in safe deposits boxes for the guests. Front desk clerk post and shoot down all charges to the proper accounts. In addition, front desk clerk should also work closely with the housekeeping department in keeping room status reports up to date and coordinating requests for maintenance and repair work. Front desk clerk must know all safety and emergency procedures and be aware of accident pr stilltion policies as well.Another important task is solving guest problems. Front desk clerk is the liaison or contract between the guest and the hotel. When guests have problems, they call the front desk clerk or go to the front desk personally. Front desk clerk job is to solve the problems-or quickly find someone who can solve it. respect your guests happy by keeping everything easy for them. In turn, a satisfied guest is a repeat guest and that make dollars and sense for the hospitality professional.2.2 PRINCIPLES FOR ACHIEVING invitee SATISFACTIONGuest satisfaction is the fulfillment of a guests needinesss and needs. In the hospitality industry, marke t share dominance is exceeding guests expectation on a unshakable basis. A hotel guest expects a safe, clean, comfortable sleeping room. A restaurant patron anticipates a tasty meal in a clean, pleasant automated teller machine with a balance price-value relationship. Meeting these expectations is the hospitality professionals priority. The job is done exclusively when the guest are satisfied. Below are the few principles for returning and keeping guests. recognise your guest. Personalizing interactions by using the guests name is not always possible, but a sincere and warm interaction goes a long way.Make a confirming first impression. The initial greeting and warm welcome are essential elements of creating a positive exchange. Guests judge your advertising claims against beliefs they already hold and accept only new information that match those beliefs. Changing a negative first impression is challenging, if not impossible.Fulfill your guests expectations. Guests expect a tro uble-free environment. All the guests motivation is to have their needs met without aggravation. Those organizations that can exceed guest expectation will have leg up the competition.Facilitate customer decision making. The guest may not be familiar with the entire offer that provide by the hotel. Guest decisions can facilitated in subtle ways, much(prenominal) as carrying a fucking(a) dessert that is sure that draw out attention high on a tray. Engage the customer in dialogue about the food and beverage religious offering to enhance their experience and narrow the uncertainly of satisfaction they may have.Avoid violating the customers unspoken time limits. Time spent waiting always seems four multiplication longer than it really is. Anticipate the next sequence in the service delivery and time the service accordingly.Expert your customer to re outgrowth bad experience. alike expect your customer to tell you about those bad experiences, embellishing with each retelling. The r esult can be an unfavorable impression on people who havent yet patronize your establishment.3.0 CONCLUSIONThe functional role of front office manager can be understood by preparing a job analysis and job description. This process allows the future professional to see the major responsibilities of the job and the various departmental relationships involved.The many positions found on a front office staff have to common goal of providing hospitality to the guest. Training, empowerment, and flexibility are necessary to make the team work.Forecasting, scheduling, developing a supervisory style, motivating personnel, balancing staff personalities, designate tasks, training and effectively communicating are only a few of the skills a good supervisor must master. It is a lifelong effort actual through continuing education and trial and error.QUESTION 21.0 INTRODUCTIONMaking reservation is a necessity for travelers and an important marketing tool for populate establishments. Travelers in various market segments depend on a well-organized reservation system that is easily accessible through toll-free telephone numbers or on the Internet, or at a few moments notice through social networking opportunities such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn to ensure a well-planned trip. Lodging establishment want to provide a continuous flow of guest, which will bring profits.A reservation system must ensure efficient means of accessing, processing, and confirming information. Without an efficient reservation system, all aspects of managing a hotel will be negatively affected. For example, while overbooking reservation may guarantee a full house for the hotel, it will also leave the guest who is turned away with a negative experience. This is not only decrease the hope of repeat business but also ensures the dissatisfied customer will tell to others of the negative experience. The reservation is an integral part of progressive front office management and the operation of a well -run system.2.0 ANSWER QUESTION 2Profitable business ventures rely on effective marketing principles. Effective marketing principles include reviewing people who are in need of hotel products and services, determine their needs, developing products and services that meet their needs and marketing a profit on the sale of those products and services.A well-organized reservation system allows hotels to ensure a tranquilize flow of guest into their properties. Hotel kitchen stoves, through their central reservation system, offer their members to ability to fill 30 percent or more of available rooms on nightly basis. Independent hoteliers, in contrast, have the onerous responsibility of creating exciting marketing programs to capture room business. Easy access to a chain hotels info bank of rooms help to fulfill the customers needs, as well as in reaching a targeted daily occupancy rate, average daily rate, deport percentage, and RevPAR. A reservation system is the primary represents means of producing positive cash flow and favorable income statement.2.0 ANSWER QUESTION 22.1 TYPE OF second-stringer constitutionThere are two types of reservation systems such as Franchisee systems and Referral member systems.2.1.1 FRANCHISEE SYSTEMSA franchisee is a hotel owner who has access to a national reservation system and services the benefits of the corporations management expertise, financial backing, national advertising, and group purchasing. A franchise member of a reservation system or a member of a reservation system or a member of a referral system gains significant advantage from interhotel property referrals, a system in which one member-property recommends some other member-property to a guest, and national advertising.2.1.1 REFFERAL MEMBER SYSTEMSA referral member of a reservation referral system, a worldwide organization that processes requests for room reservations at a particular member hotel, is a hotel developer/owner who has access to the national res ervation system. Hotels that are members of the reservation system are more than able to justify the associated costs for example, a chain property may obtain 15 to 30 percent of its daily room rentals from the national reservation system, depending on local economics and market condition.2.2 SOURCES OF RESERVATIONGuest reservations come from a variety of market segments. Some of the more common groups are corporate clients, group travelers, and leisure travelers who want to return to the same hotel. This is only one way of classifying guest reservations. The purpose of analyzing these segments is to understand the needs of each group and to provide reservation systems that meet their needs. Keep in sagacity that reviewing these needs will assist employee in gaining insight into guests methods of communication.2.2.1 CORPORATE CLIENTSThe corporate client is a hotel guest employed by a business or a guest of that business. Corporate clients provide a hotel with an opportunity to esta blish a regular flow of business during sales periods that would otherwise be flat.2.2.2 conference TRAVELERSGroup travelers are persons traveling as a group either on business or for leisure. Convention guests and seminar attends are examples of groups that travel on business. Participants in organized tours who pursue recreation, education, hobbies, and special interests constitute some of the leisure segment. The key to marketing reservations to this group is providing an efficient access method for planning details of a tour.2.2.3 LEISURE TRAVELERSLeisure travelers are people who travel alone or with others to visits points of interest or relatives, or for other personal reasons. These travelers, who are often unrestricted by deadlines or schedules, are more flexible in their travel plans than are corporate clients and group travelers. They are more willing to seek somewhere to stay along the way however, some of the people in this group may want to obtain consists of many sub groups, including singles, married couples, young families, senior citizens, and student. Some of the methods the leisure travelers can use secure room reservations are travel agencies, toll-free numbers, reservation/referral systems, the Internet, Twitter and flat in Facebook.2.3 ADVANTAGES FOR RESERVATIONThe advantages for reservation are to prevent when customer need a place to stay overnight and the hotel are fully booking. This situation might make the customer feel thwart when they expected the hotel is available for the rooms.The advantages for reservation are when the customer make a early book, the customer might get a discount from the hotel or even like buy 1 room free 1 room, free breakfast or free using the of the hotel. This type of promotion will satisfy the customers need and it make customer feel that the hotel are welcoming them to stay in the hotel. In other word, customer are usually are knowledgeable. at a time the hotel services fulfill the customer need, th e customer will sure visit the hotel when they make a next visit or they might share their experience in staying the hotel to other friend or relative so that they can also get the same services that the hotel provide.2.4 IMPROVEMENT FOR THE EARLY RESERVATION mental reservation CUSTOMERThe management of the hotel should given a plan for the customer who makes an early booking in the peak season. This holiday plan may help attract the customer who planning a holiday trip with the family member and the trip will help to build strong relationship with each of the family members. The promotion such as free breakfast, free uses the facilities in the hotel, and free tour guide to travel in the particular city.This may help to increase the sales of the hotel and even the customer will be coming back for their next trip.3.0 CONCLUSIONThe reservation has addressed the hotel reservation systems. As the popularity of computerized reservation systems increases, chains and referral properties h ave take them to meets the needs of the traveling publics.Reservations ensure that corporate, group and pleasure travelers will have accommodations as their destination and provide the hotel with a steady flow of business. Determining the sources of these reservations assist the front office manager developing procedures to satisfy the needs of the guest. The traveler can use various means to make reservations, such as toll-free telephone numbers, fax numbers, the Internet and social media. The concept of customer relationship management links hospitality and technology. The management of social media applications helps develop the reservation concept.

Healthcare is a Fundamental Right Essay -- ObamaCare

How a person envisions healthcare usually reflects a persons military strength towards right or privilege, if they view it from a humanitarian or a financial perspective weighs heavy on how that question is answered. As a Christian who is anti-abortion, the choice of whether healthcare is a right or a privilege is straightforward healthcare is a fundamental right. Babies are human we do not lose compassion for them just because they grow older. In a moral modern society, medical care is something that we all must be fit to access, just as the staple fiber needs of having air, food, and life. We frequently accept certain words or phrases, without realizing the full definition of the meaning. We should not be bogged down in the terminology of rights or privilege. Human rights are not the same as constitutional rights, as individuals, human rights are what we need for existence by virtue of being human. Some of us are taller, smarter, or slower, but as human beings we are all equa l, as our constitution states. We hold the fortress of the human rights in high regard in our country, how can we not protect a prize of healthcare for our citizens as well? Our nation has provided healthcare entitlements for the elderly, the disabled, and the very young for years, is the stretch to universal care for all ages really that far out of reach for humanitarian reasons, after all we do not just live in an economy but in a society. All humans are vulnerable to disease, so would we not all gain ground socially and fiscally by the pooling of our resources to protect ourselves from the hazards of lifes unknowns. America is one of the few advanced countries that have no healthcare scheme that cares for its people. A country that is in the forefront ... ...vailable at this time. This lack of basic healthcare is one of our nations great social inequities. Blaming the poor seems to be the scapegoat of those who believe that healthcare is privilege and they do not offer any solutions of dealing with the under or uninsured. As a culture that expects quality care, we need to as a whole, create a basic healthcare system that will provide the highest standard of care and wellbeing of our upcoming generations. Our health is central to our quality of life, our independence, and even in the pursuit of happiness that our United States Constitution guarantees its citizens, many who have given their lives to protect that right. Providing a uniform basic health system is a human right that will serve as a resource that will enrich all of society and the habitual good. Health is our true wealth and it is best when it is shared.

Perils of Addiction Exposed in Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essa

Perils of Addiction Exposed in Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The values, standards, and expectations of the upper-middle class in the 19th-century Victorian society were conservative and strict the pressure to earn prestige and light upon upward mobility in kind rank required men to sustain an image of propriety and respectability in public. These obligations often created a longing to abstract from the personality facades they had to keep, and from the ideal behavior and polite manners that were expected of bourgeois society men. Some would fulfill their wishes by leading a secret range of a function life that allowed them to temporarily escape from societal responsibilities and restrictions. In more private settings, men would partake in sinful pleasures, such as alcohol or drug abuse, and they were free to behave more loosely than they could under the rigid public persona they were forced to hold in order to protect their reputations. In the introduction to the Oxford ed ition of Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Emma Letley describes the desire to escape from the Calvinistic confines of nineteenth-century bourgeois society, and relates that Mr. Stevenson himself would use a benign doubleness to deal with the pressures of high bourgeois existence and faux an alias to become one of the heavy-drinking, convivial, blasphemous iconoclasts. . . in order to full-bodiedly enjoy those pleasures denied to him and Dr. Jekyll. (Introduction, x). With the knowledge that Stevenson resorted to alcohol in order to escape the pressures and demands that fell upon him due to his social class, it is interesting to examine his novella, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, as a commentary about the evils of addiction to alc... ...hat he can finally recognize the severity of his weakness to his drug. Dr. Jekylls plight, therefore, could be an exploration of the destructive behavior brought on by addiction, and an underlying moral message is embedded in Dr. Jekyll an d Mr. Hyde - the implication that addiction will inevitably lead to iniquity and the destruction of productive lives. Works CitedShowalter, Elaine. The Not So impertinent Addiction of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The Haunted Mind in Victorian Literature. Eds. Elton E. Smith and Robert Haas. Landham, Maryland The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1999.Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. First Vintage Classics Edition. New York Vintage Books, 1991.Veeder, William. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde after One Hundred Years. Eds. William Veeder and Gordon Hirsch. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1988.